Following the initial rush, users experience 46 hours of going on the nod, alternating between conscious and semiconscious states. Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt (Hicks, Fernandez, & Pelligrini, 2001; Hicks, Johnson, & Pelligrini, 1992; Miller, Shattuck, & Matsangas, 2010), chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis. Recently, a new EPAP (expiratory positive air pressure) device has shown promise in double-blind trials as one such alternative (Berry, Kryger, & Massie, 2011). For instance, have you ever daydreamed while driving home from work or school without really thinking about the drive itself? While sleep apnea is less common in thin people, anyone, regardless of their weight, who snores loudly or gasps for air while sleeping, should be checked for sleep apnea. One way that this happens involves traveling across multiple time zones. The effects of all psychoactive drugs occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. Sleep reboundrefers to the fact that a sleep-deprived individual will fall asleep more quickly during subsequent opportunities for sleep. In fact, ameta-analysis, which is a study that combines the results of many related studies, conducted within the last decade indicates that by the time we are 65 years old, we average fewer than 7 hours of sleep per day (Ohayon, Carskadon, Guilleminault, & Vitiello, 2004). Like all opioids, codeine does have abuse potential. A) managed care During this time, an individuals heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. For example, body temperature fluctuates cyclically over a 24-hour period (Figure 4.2). The researchers showed that these states correspond to distinct strategies, and then they identified . Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. To date, people have used a variety ofnicotinereplacement therapies in addition to various psychotherapeutic options in an attempt to discontinue their use of tobacco products. A hypnogram is a diagram of the stages of sleep as they occur during a period of sleep. B) the cause of the problem. This often results in sleeping problems, and it can lead to signs of depression and anxiety. It is much more difficult to awaken someone from sleep during stage 3 than during earlier stages. These effects can occur as a function of accumulated sleep debt or in response to more acute periods of sleep deprivation. Generally, treatment for night terrors is unnecessary unless there is some underlying medical or psychological condition that is contributing to the night terrors (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). Physical dependenceinvolves changes in normal bodily functionsthe user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use. The participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as the hypnotists words or a ticking watch. When we are very young, we spend up to 16 hours a day sleeping. The typical episode can last from a minute or two to half an hour. Because the biological clock is driven by light, exposure to bright light during working shifts and dark exposure when not working can help combat insomnia and symptoms of anxiety and depression (Huang, Tsai, Chen, & Hsu, 2013). As scary as it sounds, many sleep researchers believe that homicidal sleepwalking is possible in individuals suffering from the types of sleep disorders described below (Broughton et al., 1994; Cartwright, 2004; Mahowald, Schenck, & Cramer Bornemann, 2005; Pressman, 2007). In 2015, the National Sleep Foundation updated their sleep duration hours, to better accommodate individual differences. . Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. The following morning, he awoke to barking dogs and unfamiliar voices from downstairs. The pons is important for regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). There is quite a bit of controversy within the scientific community as to the extent to which marijuana might have medicinal benefits due to a lack of large-scale, controlled research (Bostwick, 2012). Generally, and for most people, our circadian cycles are aligned with the outside world. Meditationis the act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment. Taking a different approach to explain hypnosis, the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis sees people in hypnotic states as performing the social role of a hypnotized person. Given that withdrawal from a drug often involves an experience opposite to the effect of the drug, it should be no surprise that opioid withdrawal resembles a severe case of the flu. Some forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help sufferers of insomnia. Think meditation might help? This can lead to people compulsively using stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, in part to try to reestablish the persons physical and psychological pre-use baseline. Amphetamines have a mechanism of action quite similar to cocaine in that they block the reuptake of dopamine in addition to stimulating its release (Figure 4.16). By analyzing dreams, Freud thought people could increase self-awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced in their lives. A womans menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythma recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. In the central nervous system, it plays a role in arousal and reward mechanisms. Sleep-wake cycles seem to be controlled by multiple brain areas acting in conjunction with one another. Some of these approaches, such as using a bright light as shown inFigure 4.4, have been shown to alleviate some of the problems experienced by individuals suffering from jet lag or from the consequences of rotating shift work. In addition, sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. Marijuana may also have some promise in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions (Mather, Rauwendaal, Moxham-Hall, & Wodak, 2013; Robson, 2014; Schicho & Storr, 2014). While "internal state" or impulsivity are terms more generally discussed in psychology or neuroscience, the concept is familiar to anyone. Psychology 2e by Openstax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Early attempts to treat her condition with a stimulant drug alone were unsuccessful. With excessive alcohol use, a person might experience a complete loss of consciousness and/or difficulty remembering events that occurred during a period of intoxication (McKim & Hancock, 2013). Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? You don't have to be a psychologist to know that conditions like hunger or fatigue have an impact on thinking and decision-making; these are examples of internal states. For instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the concentration of glucose. (credit: modification of work by new 1lluminati/Flickr), Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United States. Many people experience disturbances in their sleep at some point in their lives. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. While there are variations, there are four parts that appear consistent in bringing people into the state of suggestibility associated with hypnosis (National Research Council, 1994). Night terrorsresult in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). Methamphetamine in its smokable form, often called crystal meth due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. Participants were told they would not feel pain, but they could press a button if they did; while they reported not feeling pain, they did, in fact, press the button, suggesting a dissociation of consciousness while in the hypnotic state (Hilgard & Hilgard, 1994). These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system. While it is probably the most commonly used drug in the world, the potency of this particular drug pales in comparison to the other stimulant drugs described in this section. Insudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies. Some research suggests that sleep deprivation affects cognitive and motor function as much as, if not more than, alcohol intoxication (Williamson & Feyer, 2000). For example, the National Institutes of Drug Abuse has sponsored research that suggests the misuse and abuse of the prescription pain killers hydrocodone and oxycodone are significant public health concerns (Maxwell, 2006). Scott Falater had a history of regular episodes of sleepwalking as a child, and he had even behaved violently toward his sister once when she tried to prevent him from leaving their home in his pajamas during a sleepwalking episode. An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is: A) the particular medication used to treat the problem. These changes in brain wave activity can be visualized using EEG and are distinguished from one another by both the frequency and amplitude of brain waves (Figure 4.7). Our experiences change dramatically while we are in deep sleep and once again when we are dreaming. Complications. All of the following are true statements concerning the health of Americans EXCEPT: a. mortality rates from smoking have declined. a. This shift in policy may be in response to the scientific communitys recommendations and/or reflect changing public opinion regarding marijuana. To prevent withdrawal, many people turned to cheaper heroin, which could be bought for $5 a dose or less. Moreover, these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007). Psychometric analysis indicates that the ISS is composed of four principle components, producing four subscales. c. deaths due to accidents have increased. Night terrors apparently occur during the NREM phase of sleep (Provini, Tinuper, Bisulli, & Lagaresi, 2011). For example, irritability, distractibility, and impairments in cognitive and moral judgment can occur with fewer than four hours of sleep. The smokable form reaches the brain very quickly to produce an intense euphoria that dissipates almost as fast as it arrives, prompting users to continuing taking the drug. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? It may surprise you to know that sleep deprivation is associated with obesity, increased blood pressure, increased levels of stress hormones, and reduced immune functioning (Banks & Dinges, 2007). Body temperature rises throughout the waking day, peaking in the afternoon, and falls during sleep with the lowest point occurring during the very early morning hours. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. There was a significant positive correlation between the degree to which women thought about their former spouses during waking hours and the number of times their former spouses appeared as characters in their dreams (Cartwright, Agargun, Kirkby, & Friedman, 2006). (credit a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk), video about circadian rhythms and how they affect sleep, video that gives sleep tips for college students, video about the relationship between sleep and memory, instructional video about using Buddhist meditation techniques to alleviate stress, video about the results of a brain imaging study in individuals who underwent specific mindfulness meditative techniques, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly), Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. After dinner, he prepared some materials to use in leading a church youth group the following morning, and then he attempted to repair the familys swimming pool pump before retiring to bed. In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Two of them I didnt even know I was involved in until afterwards (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). We might also experience unconscious states of being via drug-induced anesthesia for medical purposes. 3. Although she had been taking a prescription antidepressant, her symptoms of depression continued to worsen and she began to suffer physically, displaying significant warning signs of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The participant is made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy. This hypnogram illustrates how an individual moves through the various stages of sleep. The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. Rather, the ISS r ecognizes mixed states and depressive symptoms during manic and hypomanic episodes. Table 4.1shows the new recommendations, which describe sleep durations that are recommended, may be appropriate, and not recommended. Like NREM sleep, REM has been implicated in various aspects of learning and memory (Wagner, Gais, & Born, 2001; Siegel, 2001). While people are often unaware of their sleep apnea, they are keenly aware of some of the adverse consequences of insufficient sleep. Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous leveleven to the point of overdose and death. While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment. Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90 . Abnormal Motor Behavior. The decade from 20102019 brought many changes in laws regarding marijuana. This section will present information relating to the use of various psychoactive drugs and problems associated with such use. The pituitary gland also secretes growth hormone, during sleep, which plays a role in physical growth and maturation as well as other metabolic processes (Bartke, Sun, & Longo, 2013). Theta wavesare even lower frequency (47 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves. Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. However, all of their somnambulistic patients who also suffered from sleep-related breathing problems showed a marked decrease in sleepwalking when their breathing problems were effectively treated. Aches and pains, such as severe headache and muscle and joint pain. Some newer CPAP masks are smaller and cover only the nose. Some view a hypnotized persons behavior not as an altered or dissociated state of consciousness, but as their fulfillment of the social expectations for that role (Coe, 2009; Coe & Sarbin, 1966). Drugwithdrawalincludes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued. In recent years, methamphetamine (meth) use has become increasingly widespread. It is administered alone or in conjunction with doses of melatonin (the hormone secreted by the pineal gland). When we do this, we often experience jet lag. This pattern of brain wave activity resembles that of someone who is very relaxed, yet awake. Vaping as a means to deliver nicotine is becoming increasingly popular, especially among teens and young adults. However, alternative treatment options are being explored because consistent compliance by users of CPAP devices is a problem. describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. In fact, this relationship is so robust that some view the presence of RBD as a potential aid in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of neurodegenerative diseases (Ferini-Strambi, 2011). These include daydreaming, intoxication, and unconsciousness due to anesthesia. In the wake of the opiate epidemic, many drug cartels in Mexico are shifting from producing heroin to producing highly potent but inexpensive forms of methamphetamine. You have read that the pineal gland releases melatonin during sleep (Figure 4.6). Although there are a number of different techniques in use, the central feature of all meditation is clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus (Chen et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2012). c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. These sleep episodes are often associated withcataplexy, which is a lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. (credit a: modification of work by Todd Huffman), Psychedelic images like this are often associated with hallucinogenic compounds. Interestingly, since the advent of electric light, the amount of sleep that people get has declined. One or two nights of sleep difficulty is not unusual, but if you experience anything more than that, you should seek a doctors advice. Thecollective unconscious, as described byJung, is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone. While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. Not able to pass stool or gas. It is relatively easy to wake someone from stage 1 sleep; in fact, people often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage 1 sleep. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. Often, however, people wishing to learn to meditate receive some training in techniques to achieve a meditative state. (a) This is a statue of a meditating Buddha, representing one of the many religious traditions of which meditation plays a part. For individuals who are especially open to the power of suggestion, hypnosis can prove to be a very effective technique, and brain imaging studies have demonstrated that hypnotic states are associated with global changes in brain functioning (Del Casale et al., 2012; Guldenmund, Vanhaudenhuyse, Boly, Laureys, & Soddu, 2012). Biological rhythmsare internal rhythms of biological activity. How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. Confusion. The typical positive symptoms of schizophrenia , such as hallucinatory experiences or fixed delusional beliefs, tend to be very upsetting and disruptivenot a positive experience at all for you or someone you care about who is experiencing them. As you will learn when you study social roles, peoples behavior can be shaped by their expectations of how they should act in a given situation. Still, people experiencing opioid withdrawal may be given methadone to make withdrawal from the drug less difficult. Upset stomach and vomiting. In the variation of mindful meditation, the meditators attention is focused on some internal process or an external object (Zeidan, Grant, Brown, McHaffie, & Coghill, 2012). Remarkably, Falater insisted that he had no recollection of hurting his wife in any way. The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. Research indicates that included among these possible benefits are increased capacities for creative thinking (Cai, Mednick, Harrison, Kanady, & Mednick, 2009; Wagner, Gais, Haider, Verleger, & Born, 2004), language learning (Fenn, Nusbaum, & Margoliash, 2003; Gmez, Bootzin, & Nadel, 2006), and inferential judgments (Ellenbogen, Hu, Payne, Titone, & Walker, 2007). We experience different states of consciousness and different levels of awareness on a regular basis. . Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____. In 2012, Kromann and Nielson reported on a case study of a 40-year-old woman who suffered significant ill effects from her use of caffeine.
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